Spread of tropical infectious pathogens Occurrence Africa, South and Southeast Asia, India, Arabian Peninsula, islands in the Indian Ocean, Caribbean islands, South, Central and North America, isolated outbreaks in Southern Europe (e.g. Italy) Reservoir Warm-blooded animals (rodents, primates and other apes) Infection pathway Mosquitoes especially Aedes spec., Culex, Anopheles Incubation period 3-12 days Human-to-human transmission No Chikungunya virus Dengue virus Occurrence Endemic to over 100 tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Central and South America, Africa, the Middle East and the Pacific Islands. There is also a tendency to spread, for example to southern Europe Reservoir Human Infection pathway Mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti, occasionally also Aedes albopictus Incubation period 3-14 days, usual 4-7 days Human-to-human transmission No Infection pathway: Various mosquitoes Prophylaxis: Protection against mosquito bites, vector control, elimination of potential mosquito breeding sites Required spectrum of activity: Limited virucidal Chikungunya virus Dengue virus Yellow fever virus West Nile virus Zika virus Occurrence: 12
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